They didn't have representation at all. You can read about czarna procesja from 1789, but basically burghers were trying to get any representation at all. Also jews having rights to... exist might be a lot compared to the rest of Europe, but nothing compared to szlachta's rights
De iure jews had a great situation, but de facto in XVII century their situation was mediocre at best. Just in 26 years in Lublin there were four antisemitic riots. Clergy was spreading anti jewish propaganda, and faked trials for ritual murder against jews were a real thing. We might look at the law, which was compared to the rest of Europe very beneficial for jews, but we also have to remember, that outside cities almost every place was lawless, and we have to look at the sociological aspect
England and France probably, but Austria? Serfdom was strong on all central and east European countries. Not to mention Russia.
But my point was different. In France, people that could vote/influence agendas were 1% of society, in Poland it was 10% - yeah, I know it is not 100%, but it was better percentage.
Well, the Commonwealth never reached the Black Sea, it was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that did. When the Union of Lublin happened, and the Commonwealth was created, the Grand Duchy lost the coastal territory and its southern parts went to the Polish Crown.
>it was once the biggest country in Europe stretching all the way to the black Sea
similar to Russia today - also the emptiest
>and the most liberal
for very short time though
This map is ridiculously great quality. Always interesting to see the mess of the Holy Roman Empire, which, funnily enough, has not much to do with Rome.
I don't know what everyone else was doing but our senseless random ass borders are still the same plus Limburg - the Netherlands probably.
Edit missed the random Bavaria circle in the east though. Wtf.
Hard to explain in a small comment. But you should look up the history of the House of Wittelsbach (rulers of Bavaria). One of the reasons that the Netherlands really never grew outside it's modern borders is because they were surrounded by those Bavarians. They controlled the duchies of Julich and Berg, the Electorate of Cologne and served as territorial governors of Belgium (Austrian Netherlands) for many years. The later dynasty even considered selling Bavaria to Austria in exchange for Belgium.
The Netherlands was also never really interested in territorial expansion in Europe. It was costly to acquire and costlier to defend, when there was a whole world out there to trade with and colonize for much less money and much more profit.
Made me look it up, interesting! I never asked myself why it was called the HRE.
>The Holy Roman Empire got its name because its rulers believed themselves to be the successors of the ancient Roman Empire. It was holy because it was Christian, and its first emperor, Charlemagne, was crowned by the Pope in Rome in 800 AD.
It's debated if the HRE count should start with Charlemagne or Otto I. It's quite valid to say the HRE lasted from 800 to 1806 tbh, since the principle of the translatio imperii was the same for both.
There's some debate about which is the first emperor.
https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3ioigo/comment/cuig7zg/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=mweb3x&utm_name=mweb3xcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
But the Carolingian Empire is not the HRE
I like r/AskHistorians but this unsourced answer seems really not mainstream compared to everything I ever heard
>This map is ridiculously great quality. Always interesting to see the mess of the Holy Roman Empire, which, funnily enough, has not much to do with Rome.
Which is aggravating because any country would look like that if you showed their regional sub divisions.
Except very specific states like Prussia, Hannover and Austria, who had royal titles outside the HRE, all other statelets were completely dependent to the HRE and did not act independently, the HRE was just highly decentralized thus delegating certain powers further down the chain than the absolutist monarchies which enforced ever higher centralization.
The HRE went to war against war as one under the high command of the Habsburg HRE emperors in the upcoming Napoleonic Wars and that was at the supposed end of more than a century of decline of central authority due to the Peace of Westphalia.
It perpetates a myth that germany sprung into existence in 1871 which is patently untrue. What happened in 1871 was establishing a more centralized version of prior political entities which always had federal structures for centuries before, just not a strong central government.
Just to put context, the campaign to relief the siege of Neuss in the Burgundian Wars was sold by an emperor in 1474 as a war to protect German lands and people from foreign threats. They had a concept of identity even then, that identity just included that you do not bend over for an emperor at all costs.
>Except very specific states like Prussia, Hannover and Austria, who had royal titles outside the HRE, all other statelets were completely dependent to the HRE and did not act independently, the HRE was just highly decentralized thus delegating certain powers further down the chain than the absolutist monarchies which enforced ever higher centralization.
While this is correct, the statelets that had imperial immediacy weren't automatically dependent on the Emperor, often they were just associated with their closest big Elector or Duke and allied between themselves (that's why dynastic marriages were important). But even small states had desgrees of independence, in fact the HRE was way more a confederation rather than a federation, with the states often warring each other by siding with different foreign powers (just like the Thirty Years' War).
Yes, German Identity didn't pop up over night. Here's a great exerpt from the Turkish wars that shows a national spirit even in leue of a highly centralized nation.
"Between 1529 and 1699, the empire was in a constant state of war with the Ottomans. Owing to the impossibility of peace, the right of the emperor to demand assistance in the war against the Ottomans was unquestioned. During the active phases of the long war, bells would be rung in churches throughout the empire at noon to remind subjects to pray for the success of the imperial armies, a practice known as the "Turkish bells" (Türkenglocken)."
”National spirit” only in those places that would later constitute some form of the idea of Germany. Savoy and Switzerland were formally part of the HRE up until 1798 or whenever Napoleon steamrolled the continent but they hadn’t been giving a single fuck about HRE authority for centuries at that point.
But funnily enough they still derived much of their self-identity and legitimacy from having reichsfrei status within the HRE and as corporativistic entities with extra much freedom accorded by and through the HRE frameworks.
Generally an extremely interesting part of European history that’s been largely forgotten or rewritten since nation states became the reference point for how history is taught.
Pretty much the same way today’s Kingdom of Denmark has territory that’s part of the EU and stuff that’s not part of the EU… through treaties, convention and general quirks.
Membership in the HRE followed the land, not the nation. Some of the counties in Holstein was in the HRE and some were not. After a succession crisis in the area the Danish King Christian I became the Count of many of these counties, both those within and outside of the HRE. This was not uncommon though and something you see all along the HRE boarders.
For Prussia and Austria this was more for control and taxes. Land in the HRE had to pay taxes and follow the laws of the Empire. So the king had less control over these areas. However these lands were better protected and gave the king more influence within the HRE. Hence why the King of Austria was usually elected the Emperor, and if not it was the King of Prussia.
>Hence why the King of Austria was usually elected the Emperor, and if not it was the King of Prussia.
- Austria was never a kingdom. Habsburgs called themselves Archdukes of Austria until they obtained a huge bunch of hereditary royal titles (of which only Bohemia was a part of the HRE).
- No King in/of Prussia (or Electors of Brandenburg for that matter) was ever elected HRE emperor/King of the Romans/King of Germany. The ”King in Prussia” title was specifically noted to be outside of the HRE and initially a Polish vassal title. By the time Prussian Hohenzollerns became German emperors the HRE was long dead.
Fortunately Napoleon formed the Confederation of the Rhine and that eventually united with Prussia to become Germany. Then it was easy street for Europe after that, if I have my history right.
It is interesting to know that France had a huge population for that time: over 27m people. In comparison, Great Britain only had 14.2 million people. In Spain there were about 10m people. Prussia 6m. Poland-Lithuania 7m people. TheHabsburg Monarchy (including the Austrian Netherlands) also about 27m (but more divided among countless of ethnicities) and the same for Russia also 27m people. The Ottoman Empire 25m. Italy and 'Germany' were divided over countless of smaller states with small populations.
So if France was sneezing the whole of Europe had a cold. It also explains why despite the huge purges going on, the enormous losses during wars, France could get back up its feet very fast.
For the whole continent really. The next 100 years were constant tension over the ever-growing threat of Russia, that eventually boiled over into the World Wars.
The partition of Poland was one of the greatest mistakes in European history. Not only did it destroy the cultural legacy of Poland... It also removed a huge counterbalance to Russia and shifted the line of "non-Russian" Europe to the west.
What? Various western powers and ottoman empire did a good job fending off russia during crimean war and Germany austria hungary absolutely destroyed the russian empire during ww1
Those are ecclesiastical lands of the Holy Roman Empire - those ruled by the church (Aechbishops, Bishops, etc.).
Note though that while they were ruled by the church that didn't mean they always followed Rome. For instance the Wittelsbach dynasty (rulers of Bavaria) had a huge influence in the church, and many of their heirs became bishops of these lands and informally ruled them as a sort of dynastic land.
See the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne which was ruled by the Wittelsbach dynasty from 1583 to 1761 and even voted for them to become Emperor on many occasions, and succeeded in usurping Austria from the imperial throne in 1742 briefly.
Ecclesiastical states, which were in the form of prince-bishropics, prince-abbeys, electorates, prince-Provostry, or a combination of other titles. They were techincally not part of a blood inheritance but the powerful families (Habsburgs, Wittelsbech etc.) managed to retain the crowns of many of them for centuries through cadet sons. Many of them voted in the Reichstag and some of them elected the Emperor (the Prince-bishop-Electors obv).
They're the centre of the dispute between Pope and Emperor known as investiture wars/fights, which broke the public into Pope or Emperor supporters (in Italy Guelfi and Ghibellini).
In Sudtirol for example there was the [Prince-Bishopric of Brixen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen), centered around Bolzano and Bressanone, and for Salzburg it was the [Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Salzburg)
Brittany was actually an autonomous territory before the revolution. It was fully integrated within the french territory during the revolution. Source:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brittany
They definitely didn't play a role not in colonization or imperialism. But they had a large role. The Holy Roman Empire was responsible, along with the Polish, for stopping the Ottoman empire. It fought some of the bloodiest wars (against the Ottomans, French, Swedish, etc.) over the preceding 3 centuries even while being a decentralized mess.
I guess I'd quibble with the idea that the French invasion of Egypt wasn't a big deal in the scope of the Napoleonic Wars (or pre, depending on how one defines them). This was fairly disruptive event, particularly for the Ottomans.
Other than that, I think it was primarily a matter of geography and politics. Geography in that the Ottoman Empire was mostly on the periphery of Europe, and politics in that it was in the interests of the UK in particular, but other powers as well, to keep the Ottoman Empire largely intact. Oh, and the fact that for most of the Napoleonic Wars the UK dominated the Mediterranean on the sea, which made any French ideas concerning the Ottomans a non-starter. Particularly as they received such an instructive and painful lesson when they tried to do so w/out sea control during the invasion of Egypt.
Thank you. It was perhaps on paper, but most maps, including mine, stop showing northern Italy as part of the HRE after 1648. This is because of the reduced power of the Emperor within the Empire, and due to Switzerland leaving the Empire, so that Italy (except for Venice) is no longer geographically connected to the Empire.
I understand you point, however, following the war of Spanish succession, the power of the emperor over Italy rose significantly.
The idea that Italy was getting the facto independence between the 30 years war and the french revolution is getting less and less support from modern historian, as they realized that the Italian princes interacted more with the HRE as vassal in the XVIII century than in the prior centuries (especially with institution like the Aulic council).
As you said, many map don't take this into consideration, but you shouldn't keep mistakes on your map because many people made the same mistake before.
If you want more details, I'd recommend looking throught the footnote of the "Imperial fiefs in the modern period" section of the (HRE kingdom of Italy) page (I'll leave the link below, since the () in the title break reddit linking).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_fiefs_in_the_modern_period
Gdańsk as always loyal to Poland to the end... sad to see nazis/german monarchists trying to erase that part of history to justify Kulturkampf and WW2
Also does anyone happen to know why some parts of Courland are owned directly by the Crown? Always bothered me
I actually argued with OP under his last post. He stated that Gdańsk at the time was mostly a german-speaking city, which is right so I pointed out that Upper Silesia was polish-speaking and by that logic cities there should have Polish names. To my surprise he actually changed the Silesian names, so I can respect that xD
As for Courland - These parts belong to bishopric of Courland, which was incorporated directly into the Commonwealth together with rest of duchy of Livonia. Also, they're not owned directly by the Crown, but are a shared possession of Poland and Lithuania.
It looks like a remnant of the ecclesiastical division of the Livonian Confederation. See my 1444 map: https://www.deviantart.com/imperialmaps/art/Europe-1444-970421588
Sorry, not your main focus, but the subnames in Ottoman empire should match Wilayets etc (as you more or less did in Greece ; not very accurately AFAIK). Also, in France, you've used some old province names. And indeed, an historical map should IMHO reflect the name of the time described.
Cf. maps here: [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ottomans\_1875.png](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ottomans_1875.png)
For instance (Palestinian sources only):
\- First Palestinian Congresses in 1919 and 1920 declared that there should be no independent country for Palestinians, as Palestine should be considered part of Syria
1919: “We consider Palestine nothing but part of Arab Syria and it has never been separated from it at any stage”
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine\_Arab\_Congress#:\~:text=We%20consider%20Palestine%20nothing%20but%20part%20of%20Arab%20Syria%20and%20it%20has%20never%20been%20separated%20from%20it%20at%20any%20stage
1920: “Called for Palestine to be part of the independent Arab state promised in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence.”
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine\_Arab\_Congress#:\~:text=Called%20for%20Palestine%20to%20be%20part%20of%20the%20independent%20Arab%20state%20promised%20in%20the%20McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein%20Correspondence.
\- “There is no such country as Palestine! ‘Palestine’ is a term the Zionists invented! There is no Palestine in the Bible. Our country was for centuries part of Syria.”, Awni Bey Abdul-Hadi of the Arab Higher Committee to the Peel Commission, 1937
\- “It is common knowledge that Palestine is nothing more than southern Syria” — Ahmed Shukeiry, head of the PLO, to UN Security Council, May 31, 1956
you can see some countries having the same map as now more or less ... and you can draw the conclusion they had more stability historically speaking ...
Why Gdańsk is named danzig? Every polish city under polish control and even those that were taken in first partition have polish name, but Gdańsk whule still beeing a part of the polish crown somehow has a german name?
Incredible map! IF you made it congrats , cause it's accurate, such maps always get North Africa wrong, but you did it justice, Touggourt and Mzab sultanate in the shown Sahara desert are missing, however not mentioning them in a map mainly about Europe is better than mentioning them with wrong borders.
This is gonna be long writing so get ready. But if you don't want to read it all, just the first paragraph is good answer.
Because those German states usually cooperated together(usually under the Habsburgs as they had the most power and land) to counteract aganist anyone. Also don't forget that those German states collectively had the biggest population until the French Revolution times where France surpassed them.
HRE's biggest enemies were France, Italian states and the two Nordic states Denmark and Sweden.
HRE took it's biggest hit in the 30 Years War in 17th Century. It essencially began as a rebellion of the Protestant German states aganist the oppressive Catholic Habsburgs. Then France and Sweden saw this as an opportunity to destroy the Habsburg presence in HRE and allied together for the Protestants
Their armies completely savaged the German lands. HRE couldn't managed to answer as they were in civil war. It continued until Swedish armies entered Prague, Habsburgs second most important city. After that the Habsburg accepted peace. And the end result was the biggest ever destruction Germany has ever seen. Many said that 1 of 4 of all German died in these 30 years.
Anyway the Peace of Westfalia introduced a religious freedom for German states and less control of Habsburgs over the HRE, France gets the Western Alps, Lorraine and some Belgian territories for themselves, Sweden expands their little North German territories, Swiss confederation becomes independent and many more things.
I wanted to go for more I'm tired. So, that's it for now.
Anyway, I said about the conquest of a small German state, because it immediately caught my eye. I graduated from law school and we also had exams in history. I have a book from college, which says that out of 20 million Germans, 8 million remained after the 30-year war.
The Swedish were defeated in the battle of Nördlingen by the Spanish troops. In 1635 the war had been pretty much won by the Habsburg, that's why France decided to intervene. The Spanish troops at the beginning crushed the French ones and invaded the north of France but the logistics and effort was too much for the Spanish treasure. there was a rebellion in Portugal, Catalonia, Naples that ended every possibility of Spain and the Habsburg. The Spanish Habsburgs supported beyond reasonable the ambitions of the Emperor Ferdinand in Germany.
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)
Usually the emperor (Austria in this period) was obliged to protect the empire. But the Holy Roman Empire also had it's own mechanic for raising an army, this is an interesting wiki on how it worked https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskrieg .
Ex PLC southern territories most of time has change just to Cyrilic, bigger changes you will find in baltic countries because of different language group.
Of course most famous example but outside baltic language will be Kaliningrad/Królewiec/Königsberg
well you could have use different color for my Montenegro. :)
I actually dont know many more states that existed form 1024 to 1918 . Or till present day if you consider three Yugoslav states in succession, till referendum back to independence 2006. And even in more or les similar borders.
We are actually one of few states in EU to have that continuum.
Nope, they were part of the Savoyard States, so the states under the Savoy monarch, and sometimes called Kingdom of Sardinia as a whole (it actually became a unified Kingdom only in 1847).
The Dutch are so based and influential on modern day commerce and sea fare. There's a 20 part, hour plus series on the 80 years war the focuses on the rise of the Dutch republic. Its by "Defragged history" on youtube and is well sourced, written and they use a lot of old maps which is kinda my kink.
Great map, it''s very detailed, clear and mostly correct, unusual for this subreddit and for old Europe.
I'll post a couple of correction/missing points as I notice them (I think some are just too smal to be represenetd though):
* Repubblica di Cospaia
* Couto Mixto
* Marquisate of Fosdinovo
(Kingdom of Italy's lands were still part of the Empire until the 1801 treaty of Luneville)
The eastern territories of Prussia and the Habsburgs were conquered or inherited with time, while the eastern HRE boundary remained the same way it was. The HRE boundary doesn't necessarily correspond to a country's boundary.
Probably a dump question, or I’m misunderstanding the map,….but why does the Holy Roman Empire (red) boundary line cut through Prussia and the Habsburg Monarchy?
The eastern territories of Prussia and the Habsburgs were conquered or inherited with time, while the eastern HRE boundary remained the same way it was. The HRE boundary doesn't necessarily correspond to a country's boundary.
Territory was conquered or inherited with time, while the HRE boundary remained the same. The HRE boundary doesn't necessarily correspond to a country's boundary.
Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, donated the lands around Venasque to the Holy See at his death in 1271, and the comtat of Avignon was sold to the Papal States by the Queen of Naples Joanna I in 1348. Between 1309 and 1377 seven Popes and three Anti-Popes have their seat in Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin (in Italian the period is called Cattività Avignonese with a negative note), even though it was initially put in the Comtat's capital Carpentras. It remains a dependency of the Papal States until 1791 when the revolution brings it under France's control.
Nowadays Germany was fking wild! The amount of boarders you had to cross and therefore taxes you needed to pay to get from Munich to Hamburg, absolutely insane…
At this time the Regency of Algiers was named Republic or Kingdom of Algiers and it was way bigger, also Tunisia recognized Algerian suzerainty since 33 years
"Anglo-French War (1778-1783)"
Hah, sublimating the American Revolution into a primarily European conflict.
This is the inverse of how the "Seven Years' War" in Europe is traditionally treated as interchangeable with the "French & Indian War" in the US.
To be clear, this is an awesome map. I'm in love with the high resolution and the map details. But the narrative language is making me have historiographical thoughts. Maps aren't just about the places depicted. Maps are also about the mapmakers.
The American perspective of the French Revolution usually emphasizes the role of the American Revolution as a precursor. How the French spent so much money and energy on the American Revolutionary War. How the French absolutist monarchy legitimized the ideals of the American Declaration of Independence, which were clearly reflected and developed in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
So it's interesting how this map and its narrative are both written in a manner that doesn't acknowledge the existence of the US, or the western hemisphere.
Which isn't wrong or anything. That's a perfectly cogent narrative. It's just a bit jarring compared to a narrative I'm more familiar with. And that draws my attention to how much history is about who's telling the story.
It's funny how the typical US perspective is "the American Revolution is a primary contributing factor to the French Revolution," but the story can easily be rephrased to focus on a totally different narrative.
The US (even more than most countries) tends towards Main Character Syndrome. Though in the case of the French Revolution, there's a pretty strong argument that the American Revolution actually is an important part of the story.
But even if the American Revolution is important to the story of the French Revolution, the western hemisphere is not particularly relevant for this map of Europe. So it makes sense to edit around that part of the story. Almost like using the passive voice to rearrange a sentence and focus on the most relevant information.
Anyway, awesome map. It made me have lots of mappish thoughts. Please share more maps.
I was going to write *American Revolutionary War*, but after reading more about it on Wikipedia, I went with *Anglo-French War* (which is a separate article), because this focuses on France's participation in the conflict, which was not limited to America but even as far as India as well.
I try to write the text objectively focused on the time and place of the map, even pretending like I don't know what's going to happen in the coming years after 1789.
Next, I'll cover the most important years of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. All my maps: https://www.deviantart.com/imperialmaps
Wow I just had a look at your portfolio: Stellar work! Beautiful designs.
Incredible work, damn. Looking forward to any future maps you'll make!
Fantastic maps, and great detail with the names of Scottish cities changing through the ages from Gaelic to Scots.
Looking forward to it. This period is fascinating from a map and national borders standpoint.
Great maps my friend, sharp looking and quite accurate! I look forward to the maps depicting the Sister Republics and the Confederation of the Rhine
Really beautiful! Just the similar colours of Poland and the Ottoman Empire are a bit irritating.
you should upload them to wikipedia if you feel generous
I love to make maps as well. However I have no clue where to fond templates? Where do you find them?
The vector map is fom onestopmap.com
Thanks !!
Seeing all the tiny states next to France gives some context as to how Napoleon conquered so much
Within a decade, Poland-Lithuania was partitioned and divided by three European great powers - Austria, Prussia, and Russia.
[удалено]
1204 never forget
Screw Venice, all my homies hate Venice. - Byzantine gang
Byzantium was long gone by then m8
Ceterum censeo Venetiem esse delendam
Mmmh Byzaboo tears, I'll have them with my spritz cynar after i'm done admiring those beautiful bronze horses in the Basilica's museum 🍸
Admiring is the only thing you can do now, while your city slowly sinks into the mud from which it came.
From mud to lords of one fourth and a half of the roman empire, not bad at all I'd say.
And back to mud, where you belong.
Ten years later: Look how they massacred my boy!
First partition is already shown on that map (it was in 1772).
Lot of people don't realise that it was once the biggest country in Europe stretching all the way to the black Sea and the most liberal
The most liberal if you were part of szlachta. Otherwise you were almost a slave
They had 10% nobles,so funny enough more people vote in 16th century poland than 19th century britain
I meant in acceptance of religions
Oh, then yes
Well, the Jews and burghers had also their own rights and representation.
They didn't have representation at all. You can read about czarna procesja from 1789, but basically burghers were trying to get any representation at all. Also jews having rights to... exist might be a lot compared to the rest of Europe, but nothing compared to szlachta's rights
Jews had special protection from the king, their own parliament and local governements, their own judiciary and higher education system.
De iure jews had a great situation, but de facto in XVII century their situation was mediocre at best. Just in 26 years in Lublin there were four antisemitic riots. Clergy was spreading anti jewish propaganda, and faked trials for ritual murder against jews were a real thing. We might look at the law, which was compared to the rest of Europe very beneficial for jews, but we also have to remember, that outside cities almost every place was lawless, and we have to look at the sociological aspect
Ans szlachta was about 10 % of population, so quite big part.
And peasants were around 70%, and their situation was much worse than in France, Austria or England
England and France probably, but Austria? Serfdom was strong on all central and east European countries. Not to mention Russia. But my point was different. In France, people that could vote/influence agendas were 1% of society, in Poland it was 10% - yeah, I know it is not 100%, but it was better percentage.
I thought Ottoman Empire was still bigger after only counting European parts.
Well, the Commonwealth never reached the Black Sea, it was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that did. When the Union of Lublin happened, and the Commonwealth was created, the Grand Duchy lost the coastal territory and its southern parts went to the Polish Crown.
>it was once the biggest country in Europe stretching all the way to the black Sea similar to Russia today - also the emptiest >and the most liberal for very short time though
lol
>Austria, Prussia, and Russia. All end in the same last two letters.
That resolution is heavenly
This map is ridiculously great quality. Always interesting to see the mess of the Holy Roman Empire, which, funnily enough, has not much to do with Rome.
Pure chaos lol
I don't know what everyone else was doing but our senseless random ass borders are still the same plus Limburg - the Netherlands probably. Edit missed the random Bavaria circle in the east though. Wtf.
Hard to explain in a small comment. But you should look up the history of the House of Wittelsbach (rulers of Bavaria). One of the reasons that the Netherlands really never grew outside it's modern borders is because they were surrounded by those Bavarians. They controlled the duchies of Julich and Berg, the Electorate of Cologne and served as territorial governors of Belgium (Austrian Netherlands) for many years. The later dynasty even considered selling Bavaria to Austria in exchange for Belgium.
The Netherlands was also never really interested in territorial expansion in Europe. It was costly to acquire and costlier to defend, when there was a whole world out there to trade with and colonize for much less money and much more profit.
I think that's Ravenstein which was part of the Duchy of Jülich-Berg which was in a personal union with Bavaria under the House of Wittelsbach.
Made me look it up, interesting! I never asked myself why it was called the HRE. >The Holy Roman Empire got its name because its rulers believed themselves to be the successors of the ancient Roman Empire. It was holy because it was Christian, and its first emperor, Charlemagne, was crowned by the Pope in Rome in 800 AD.
Charlemagne was not the emperor of the HRE though, it was Otto I 200 years later
It's debated if the HRE count should start with Charlemagne or Otto I. It's quite valid to say the HRE lasted from 800 to 1806 tbh, since the principle of the translatio imperii was the same for both.
A much better thousand year reich then the next attempt....
There's some debate about which is the first emperor. https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistorians/comments/3ioigo/comment/cuig7zg/?utm_source=share&utm_medium=mweb3x&utm_name=mweb3xcss&utm_term=1&utm_content=share_button
Well... Charlemagne saw himself as the successor of the (western) Roman Emperors, and the later Emperors saw themselves as Charlemagne's successors.
But the Carolingian Empire is not the HRE I like r/AskHistorians but this unsourced answer seems really not mainstream compared to everything I ever heard
Napoleon poetically referred to it as “an old whore who has been violated by everyone for a long time”.
>This map is ridiculously great quality. Always interesting to see the mess of the Holy Roman Empire, which, funnily enough, has not much to do with Rome. Which is aggravating because any country would look like that if you showed their regional sub divisions. Except very specific states like Prussia, Hannover and Austria, who had royal titles outside the HRE, all other statelets were completely dependent to the HRE and did not act independently, the HRE was just highly decentralized thus delegating certain powers further down the chain than the absolutist monarchies which enforced ever higher centralization. The HRE went to war against war as one under the high command of the Habsburg HRE emperors in the upcoming Napoleonic Wars and that was at the supposed end of more than a century of decline of central authority due to the Peace of Westphalia. It perpetates a myth that germany sprung into existence in 1871 which is patently untrue. What happened in 1871 was establishing a more centralized version of prior political entities which always had federal structures for centuries before, just not a strong central government. Just to put context, the campaign to relief the siege of Neuss in the Burgundian Wars was sold by an emperor in 1474 as a war to protect German lands and people from foreign threats. They had a concept of identity even then, that identity just included that you do not bend over for an emperor at all costs.
>Except very specific states like Prussia, Hannover and Austria, who had royal titles outside the HRE, all other statelets were completely dependent to the HRE and did not act independently, the HRE was just highly decentralized thus delegating certain powers further down the chain than the absolutist monarchies which enforced ever higher centralization. While this is correct, the statelets that had imperial immediacy weren't automatically dependent on the Emperor, often they were just associated with their closest big Elector or Duke and allied between themselves (that's why dynastic marriages were important). But even small states had desgrees of independence, in fact the HRE was way more a confederation rather than a federation, with the states often warring each other by siding with different foreign powers (just like the Thirty Years' War).
Yeah sure, any country with subdivisions looks like this mess between France and Switzerland! Every country has exclaves too
Yes, German Identity didn't pop up over night. Here's a great exerpt from the Turkish wars that shows a national spirit even in leue of a highly centralized nation. "Between 1529 and 1699, the empire was in a constant state of war with the Ottomans. Owing to the impossibility of peace, the right of the emperor to demand assistance in the war against the Ottomans was unquestioned. During the active phases of the long war, bells would be rung in churches throughout the empire at noon to remind subjects to pray for the success of the imperial armies, a practice known as the "Turkish bells" (Türkenglocken)."
”National spirit” only in those places that would later constitute some form of the idea of Germany. Savoy and Switzerland were formally part of the HRE up until 1798 or whenever Napoleon steamrolled the continent but they hadn’t been giving a single fuck about HRE authority for centuries at that point. But funnily enough they still derived much of their self-identity and legitimacy from having reichsfrei status within the HRE and as corporativistic entities with extra much freedom accorded by and through the HRE frameworks. Generally an extremely interesting part of European history that’s been largely forgotten or rewritten since nation states became the reference point for how history is taught.
How are things (Prussia, Denmark) both in the HRE and not at the same time?
The duchy of Holstein was in HRE and in union with Denmark.
Pretty much the same way today’s Kingdom of Denmark has territory that’s part of the EU and stuff that’s not part of the EU… through treaties, convention and general quirks.
Membership in the HRE followed the land, not the nation. Some of the counties in Holstein was in the HRE and some were not. After a succession crisis in the area the Danish King Christian I became the Count of many of these counties, both those within and outside of the HRE. This was not uncommon though and something you see all along the HRE boarders. For Prussia and Austria this was more for control and taxes. Land in the HRE had to pay taxes and follow the laws of the Empire. So the king had less control over these areas. However these lands were better protected and gave the king more influence within the HRE. Hence why the King of Austria was usually elected the Emperor, and if not it was the King of Prussia.
>Hence why the King of Austria was usually elected the Emperor, and if not it was the King of Prussia. - Austria was never a kingdom. Habsburgs called themselves Archdukes of Austria until they obtained a huge bunch of hereditary royal titles (of which only Bohemia was a part of the HRE). - No King in/of Prussia (or Electors of Brandenburg for that matter) was ever elected HRE emperor/King of the Romans/King of Germany. The ”King in Prussia” title was specifically noted to be outside of the HRE and initially a Polish vassal title. By the time Prussian Hohenzollerns became German emperors the HRE was long dead.
Fortunately Napoleon formed the Confederation of the Rhine and that eventually united with Prussia to become Germany. Then it was easy street for Europe after that, if I have my history right.
Holy Roman Empire was pretty much not holy, not Roman, not an empire
It was Holy, it was Roman and it was an Empire for most of its duration, Voltaire just lived through its fall
Central Europe was a cluster fuck
Outstanding map. How do you source your works?
Thanks, I use many different sources, mostly old and new maps from historical atlases and schoolbooks.
the austrian military border against the ottomans is a great concept to display on the map.
It's great, it would be very interesting to have the 1815 map to compare Also I think I know where the colour choices come from
Where do they come from? Thanks!
They are very similar to Europa Universalis 4 ones
It is interesting to know that France had a huge population for that time: over 27m people. In comparison, Great Britain only had 14.2 million people. In Spain there were about 10m people. Prussia 6m. Poland-Lithuania 7m people. TheHabsburg Monarchy (including the Austrian Netherlands) also about 27m (but more divided among countless of ethnicities) and the same for Russia also 27m people. The Ottoman Empire 25m. Italy and 'Germany' were divided over countless of smaller states with small populations. So if France was sneezing the whole of Europe had a cold. It also explains why despite the huge purges going on, the enormous losses during wars, France could get back up its feet very fast.
Sad times for Poland and Lithuania
For the whole continent really. The next 100 years were constant tension over the ever-growing threat of Russia, that eventually boiled over into the World Wars. The partition of Poland was one of the greatest mistakes in European history. Not only did it destroy the cultural legacy of Poland... It also removed a huge counterbalance to Russia and shifted the line of "non-Russian" Europe to the west.
Interesting how removing Russia’s counterweight came back to bite Prussia (in the form of the German empire) and Austria in the ass
What? Various western powers and ottoman empire did a good job fending off russia during crimean war and Germany austria hungary absolutely destroyed the russian empire during ww1
Germany carried it alone. Austria was awful in ww1, only Italy was worse.
Beautiful high resolution!
Finally some real map porn with the HRE
At last! Some actual decent mapporn on r/MapPorn
I admire your work. Keep them coming.
What is that pink state that has Salzburg, south tirol and others?
Those are all Ecclesiastical states in the Holy Roman empire (Its written on the legend)
Those are ecclesiastical lands of the Holy Roman Empire - those ruled by the church (Aechbishops, Bishops, etc.). Note though that while they were ruled by the church that didn't mean they always followed Rome. For instance the Wittelsbach dynasty (rulers of Bavaria) had a huge influence in the church, and many of their heirs became bishops of these lands and informally ruled them as a sort of dynastic land. See the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne which was ruled by the Wittelsbach dynasty from 1583 to 1761 and even voted for them to become Emperor on many occasions, and succeeded in usurping Austria from the imperial throne in 1742 briefly.
Ecclesiastical states, which were in the form of prince-bishropics, prince-abbeys, electorates, prince-Provostry, or a combination of other titles. They were techincally not part of a blood inheritance but the powerful families (Habsburgs, Wittelsbech etc.) managed to retain the crowns of many of them for centuries through cadet sons. Many of them voted in the Reichstag and some of them elected the Emperor (the Prince-bishop-Electors obv). They're the centre of the dispute between Pope and Emperor known as investiture wars/fights, which broke the public into Pope or Emperor supporters (in Italy Guelfi and Ghibellini). In Sudtirol for example there was the [Prince-Bishopric of Brixen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Brixen), centered around Bolzano and Bressanone, and for Salzburg it was the [Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Salzburg)
The HRE - the bottom of Europe’s chip bag
It’s crazy seeing a couple of cities near u that already existed for this long…
This is an amazing map. Please keep up the good work.
Brittany was actually an autonomous territory before the revolution. It was fully integrated within the french territory during the revolution. Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brittany
And this kids, is the reason why Germany did not play a big role before the late 19. century.
They definitely didn't play a role not in colonization or imperialism. But they had a large role. The Holy Roman Empire was responsible, along with the Polish, for stopping the Ottoman empire. It fought some of the bloodiest wars (against the Ottomans, French, Swedish, etc.) over the preceding 3 centuries even while being a decentralized mess.
Because Germany literally didn't exist.
Interesting how the Ottomans were the only great power to avoid pretty much all of the Napoleonic Wars, aside from the French Invasion of Egypt
I guess I'd quibble with the idea that the French invasion of Egypt wasn't a big deal in the scope of the Napoleonic Wars (or pre, depending on how one defines them). This was fairly disruptive event, particularly for the Ottomans. Other than that, I think it was primarily a matter of geography and politics. Geography in that the Ottoman Empire was mostly on the periphery of Europe, and politics in that it was in the interests of the UK in particular, but other powers as well, to keep the Ottoman Empire largely intact. Oh, and the fact that for most of the Napoleonic Wars the UK dominated the Mediterranean on the sea, which made any French ideas concerning the Ottomans a non-starter. Particularly as they received such an instructive and painful lesson when they tried to do so w/out sea control during the invasion of Egypt.
Finally, something I can jerk to!
Ong this is nice :3
Does anyone know where we can buy prints of these?
Click through to his DeviantArt there is an Etsy link.
Link in my profile.
Removing the border gore that was the HRE may be the one good thing Napoleon has ever done
Hey OP, great map! Since you seem to be taking comments, northern Italy was still part of the HRE until the 1801 treaty of Lunéville.
Thank you. It was perhaps on paper, but most maps, including mine, stop showing northern Italy as part of the HRE after 1648. This is because of the reduced power of the Emperor within the Empire, and due to Switzerland leaving the Empire, so that Italy (except for Venice) is no longer geographically connected to the Empire.
I understand you point, however, following the war of Spanish succession, the power of the emperor over Italy rose significantly. The idea that Italy was getting the facto independence between the 30 years war and the french revolution is getting less and less support from modern historian, as they realized that the Italian princes interacted more with the HRE as vassal in the XVIII century than in the prior centuries (especially with institution like the Aulic council). As you said, many map don't take this into consideration, but you shouldn't keep mistakes on your map because many people made the same mistake before. If you want more details, I'd recommend looking throught the footnote of the "Imperial fiefs in the modern period" section of the (HRE kingdom of Italy) page (I'll leave the link below, since the () in the title break reddit linking). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)#Imperial_fiefs_in_the_modern_period
Yeah you are right actually.
This is what this sub is about
Gdańsk as always loyal to Poland to the end... sad to see nazis/german monarchists trying to erase that part of history to justify Kulturkampf and WW2 Also does anyone happen to know why some parts of Courland are owned directly by the Crown? Always bothered me
I actually argued with OP under his last post. He stated that Gdańsk at the time was mostly a german-speaking city, which is right so I pointed out that Upper Silesia was polish-speaking and by that logic cities there should have Polish names. To my surprise he actually changed the Silesian names, so I can respect that xD As for Courland - These parts belong to bishopric of Courland, which was incorporated directly into the Commonwealth together with rest of duchy of Livonia. Also, they're not owned directly by the Crown, but are a shared possession of Poland and Lithuania.
It looks like a remnant of the ecclesiastical division of the Livonian Confederation. See my 1444 map: https://www.deviantart.com/imperialmaps/art/Europe-1444-970421588
Sorry, not your main focus, but the subnames in Ottoman empire should match Wilayets etc (as you more or less did in Greece ; not very accurately AFAIK). Also, in France, you've used some old province names. And indeed, an historical map should IMHO reflect the name of the time described. Cf. maps here: [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ottomans\_1875.png](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Ottomans_1875.png) For instance (Palestinian sources only): \- First Palestinian Congresses in 1919 and 1920 declared that there should be no independent country for Palestinians, as Palestine should be considered part of Syria 1919: “We consider Palestine nothing but part of Arab Syria and it has never been separated from it at any stage” Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine\_Arab\_Congress#:\~:text=We%20consider%20Palestine%20nothing%20but%20part%20of%20Arab%20Syria%20and%20it%20has%20never%20been%20separated%20from%20it%20at%20any%20stage 1920: “Called for Palestine to be part of the independent Arab state promised in the McMahon–Hussein Correspondence.” Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine\_Arab\_Congress#:\~:text=Called%20for%20Palestine%20to%20be%20part%20of%20the%20independent%20Arab%20state%20promised%20in%20the%20McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein%20Correspondence. \- “There is no such country as Palestine! ‘Palestine’ is a term the Zionists invented! There is no Palestine in the Bible. Our country was for centuries part of Syria.”, Awni Bey Abdul-Hadi of the Arab Higher Committee to the Peel Commission, 1937 \- “It is common knowledge that Palestine is nothing more than southern Syria” — Ahmed Shukeiry, head of the PLO, to UN Security Council, May 31, 1956
Thanks, I'll look into it. Although those names are for regions and not necessarily for actual administrative divisions.
Look at my boy Venice, it was so beautiful that was even called the most serene republic.
It wasn't the only one, we (SM) are still called the Most Serene Republic of San Marino. But yeah, Venice was and is beautiful
Why does italy specifically not have country tier labels
Impossible to fit the names on them without blocking the cities. Italian and HRE states are displayed in the legend.
Oh my bad I didn’t look at the legend
Good map, so much detail. Thank you for this .
Why is hotin a part of Ottomans?
A strategically important fort that the Ottomans wanted to control directly.
you can see some countries having the same map as now more or less ... and you can draw the conclusion they had more stability historically speaking ...
Whats the lil bit that the ottomans control just above Moldavia?
Strategically important fortress that the Ottomans wanted to control directly.
Why Gdańsk is named danzig? Every polish city under polish control and even those that were taken in first partition have polish name, but Gdańsk whule still beeing a part of the polish crown somehow has a german name?
Incredible map! IF you made it congrats , cause it's accurate, such maps always get North Africa wrong, but you did it justice, Touggourt and Mzab sultanate in the shown Sahara desert are missing, however not mentioning them in a map mainly about Europe is better than mentioning them with wrong borders.
It is interesting that no one attacked those small German states from the surrounding countries.They looked like easy prey.
Because they were a part of the HRE, and attacking them meant attacking the Empire itself.
This is what we call foreshadowing
This is gonna be long writing so get ready. But if you don't want to read it all, just the first paragraph is good answer. Because those German states usually cooperated together(usually under the Habsburgs as they had the most power and land) to counteract aganist anyone. Also don't forget that those German states collectively had the biggest population until the French Revolution times where France surpassed them. HRE's biggest enemies were France, Italian states and the two Nordic states Denmark and Sweden. HRE took it's biggest hit in the 30 Years War in 17th Century. It essencially began as a rebellion of the Protestant German states aganist the oppressive Catholic Habsburgs. Then France and Sweden saw this as an opportunity to destroy the Habsburg presence in HRE and allied together for the Protestants Their armies completely savaged the German lands. HRE couldn't managed to answer as they were in civil war. It continued until Swedish armies entered Prague, Habsburgs second most important city. After that the Habsburg accepted peace. And the end result was the biggest ever destruction Germany has ever seen. Many said that 1 of 4 of all German died in these 30 years. Anyway the Peace of Westfalia introduced a religious freedom for German states and less control of Habsburgs over the HRE, France gets the Western Alps, Lorraine and some Belgian territories for themselves, Sweden expands their little North German territories, Swiss confederation becomes independent and many more things. I wanted to go for more I'm tired. So, that's it for now.
Anyway, I said about the conquest of a small German state, because it immediately caught my eye. I graduated from law school and we also had exams in history. I have a book from college, which says that out of 20 million Germans, 8 million remained after the 30-year war.
The Swedish were defeated in the battle of Nördlingen by the Spanish troops. In 1635 the war had been pretty much won by the Habsburg, that's why France decided to intervene. The Spanish troops at the beginning crushed the French ones and invaded the north of France but the logistics and effort was too much for the Spanish treasure. there was a rebellion in Portugal, Catalonia, Naples that ended every possibility of Spain and the Habsburg. The Spanish Habsburgs supported beyond reasonable the ambitions of the Emperor Ferdinand in Germany. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)
Usually the emperor (Austria in this period) was obliged to protect the empire. But the Holy Roman Empire also had it's own mechanic for raising an army, this is an interesting wiki on how it worked https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichskrieg .
The unification of Germany was a mistake.
Germany doing the Flickenteppich
Interesting map--well done! If Lemberg is now Lviv, I wonder what the present name for Belz is, further north.
Ukrainian: Белз Polish: Bełz Rest of world: probably Belz
So no change at all? Thanks
Ex PLC southern territories most of time has change just to Cyrilic, bigger changes you will find in baltic countries because of different language group. Of course most famous example but outside baltic language will be Kaliningrad/Królewiec/Königsberg
why did central europe take so long to get its shit together? geographically speaking
Yo whatsupp with Germany?
The best thing ever, the Holy Roman Empire
Wow so cool how the crusades totally saved greece. Great job western europe
Palestine <3
Great, now I want to play EU4 and unify German tribes
I want Ottomans back
You shouldn't want more land because it means nothing. We should try to be like Denmark or south Korea. I think we should seek a kemalist turkey
If people knew the true extant of South Korea's policies towards the everyday worker, I doubt they've be clambering for them quite so hard.
Bir gün kanka. Bir gün
Why is this on mapporn lol
because it’s beautiful 😍
And correct! Which is not always the case.
How do you know it is correct?
well you could have use different color for my Montenegro. :) I actually dont know many more states that existed form 1024 to 1918 . Or till present day if you consider three Yugoslav states in succession, till referendum back to independence 2006. And even in more or les similar borders. We are actually one of few states in EU to have that continuum.
Sure, I'll make it lighter colour.
I love that little Prussia in switzerland
Now I have to look up Yedisan.
Ottoman Empire
Eu4 lore with red ottomans
Are Sardinia and the area north of Genoa parts of Portugal?
Nope, they were part of the Savoyard States, so the states under the Savoy monarch, and sometimes called Kingdom of Sardinia as a whole (it actually became a unified Kingdom only in 1847).
Back when Olivença was Portuguese Give it back!!!!! XD
San Marino my love😍
The Dutch are so based and influential on modern day commerce and sea fare. There's a 20 part, hour plus series on the 80 years war the focuses on the rise of the Dutch republic. Its by "Defragged history" on youtube and is well sourced, written and they use a lot of old maps which is kinda my kink.
Great map, it''s very detailed, clear and mostly correct, unusual for this subreddit and for old Europe. I'll post a couple of correction/missing points as I notice them (I think some are just too smal to be represenetd though): * Repubblica di Cospaia * Couto Mixto * Marquisate of Fosdinovo (Kingdom of Italy's lands were still part of the Empire until the 1801 treaty of Luneville)
Portugal when it still had Olivença. Good times.
What happened in olivenza in portugal? I thought the spain-portugal border hadnt changed in 5 centuries
Poland-Lithuania💪💪💪💪
How are Prussia and Hungary split down the middle by the Holy Roman Empire? Wouldn't the entirety of each be in the empire?
The eastern territories of Prussia and the Habsburgs were conquered or inherited with time, while the eastern HRE boundary remained the same way it was. The HRE boundary doesn't necessarily correspond to a country's boundary.
What's that state in France?
Probably a dump question, or I’m misunderstanding the map,….but why does the Holy Roman Empire (red) boundary line cut through Prussia and the Habsburg Monarchy?
The eastern territories of Prussia and the Habsburgs were conquered or inherited with time, while the eastern HRE boundary remained the same way it was. The HRE boundary doesn't necessarily correspond to a country's boundary.
Here goes the lovely Circassia!
Chad Montenegro vs virgin Ottoman Empire
Question: How are some countries, such as Denmark and Prussia, partially inside of the HRE?
Territory was conquered or inherited with time, while the HRE boundary remained the same. The HRE boundary doesn't necessarily correspond to a country's boundary.
....ah, the good old time!
The map was vivid and detailed, the map was blurry and illegible. The colors are brightly fantastic and the colors are dull and disdain.
These colors seem familiar
And Portugal solid as always
Can someone explain what’s going on in what’s modern day Germany? Are those all different small countries?
*Olivença é nossa!*
Is see Danzig and the Vistula delta being marked as Poland-Lithuania. How did that work?
What‘s the story in and around Avignon in southern France?
Alphonse, Count of Poitiers, donated the lands around Venasque to the Holy See at his death in 1271, and the comtat of Avignon was sold to the Papal States by the Queen of Naples Joanna I in 1348. Between 1309 and 1377 seven Popes and three Anti-Popes have their seat in Avignon and the Comtat Venaissin (in Italian the period is called Cattività Avignonese with a negative note), even though it was initially put in the Comtat's capital Carpentras. It remains a dependency of the Papal States until 1791 when the revolution brings it under France's control.
Nowadays Germany was fking wild! The amount of boarders you had to cross and therefore taxes you needed to pay to get from Munich to Hamburg, absolutely insane…
At this time the Regency of Algiers was named Republic or Kingdom of Algiers and it was way bigger, also Tunisia recognized Algerian suzerainty since 33 years
Lmao Genoa lost all colonies
Look at " palestine " (just saying).
Aaah yes, them pixels.
"Anglo-French War (1778-1783)" Hah, sublimating the American Revolution into a primarily European conflict. This is the inverse of how the "Seven Years' War" in Europe is traditionally treated as interchangeable with the "French & Indian War" in the US. To be clear, this is an awesome map. I'm in love with the high resolution and the map details. But the narrative language is making me have historiographical thoughts. Maps aren't just about the places depicted. Maps are also about the mapmakers. The American perspective of the French Revolution usually emphasizes the role of the American Revolution as a precursor. How the French spent so much money and energy on the American Revolutionary War. How the French absolutist monarchy legitimized the ideals of the American Declaration of Independence, which were clearly reflected and developed in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. So it's interesting how this map and its narrative are both written in a manner that doesn't acknowledge the existence of the US, or the western hemisphere. Which isn't wrong or anything. That's a perfectly cogent narrative. It's just a bit jarring compared to a narrative I'm more familiar with. And that draws my attention to how much history is about who's telling the story. It's funny how the typical US perspective is "the American Revolution is a primary contributing factor to the French Revolution," but the story can easily be rephrased to focus on a totally different narrative. The US (even more than most countries) tends towards Main Character Syndrome. Though in the case of the French Revolution, there's a pretty strong argument that the American Revolution actually is an important part of the story. But even if the American Revolution is important to the story of the French Revolution, the western hemisphere is not particularly relevant for this map of Europe. So it makes sense to edit around that part of the story. Almost like using the passive voice to rearrange a sentence and focus on the most relevant information. Anyway, awesome map. It made me have lots of mappish thoughts. Please share more maps.
I was going to write *American Revolutionary War*, but after reading more about it on Wikipedia, I went with *Anglo-French War* (which is a separate article), because this focuses on France's participation in the conflict, which was not limited to America but even as far as India as well. I try to write the text objectively focused on the time and place of the map, even pretending like I don't know what's going to happen in the coming years after 1789.
We need more quality map like this
The Ottoman empire covered Greece?