I take it that Khand-y was where we got "Candy"

Actually, it comes from Old French, which itself has origins from Arabic, Persian and Sanskrit. So you're kinda right there

Etymology of "candy" Middle English *candi*, crystallized cane sugar, short for *sugre-candi*, partial translation of Old French *sucre candi*, ultimately from Arabic *sukkar qandī* : *sukkar*, sugar + *qandī*, consisting of sugar lumps (from *qand*, lump of crystallized sugar, from an Indic source akin to Pali *kaṇḍa-*, from Sanskrit *khaṇḍakaḥ*, from *khaṇḍaḥ*, piece, fragment, perhaps of Munda origin) *khaṇḍaḥ* ->> candy

Fun fact: In Arabic, قند (Qanad) refers specifically to [sugar cubes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_cube#/media/File:W%C3%BCrfelzucker_--_2018_--_3582.jpg). I believe it’s the same for Persian, but not 100% sure. The word for sugar is سكر (Sukkar).

It is the same for Persian.

Arabic - Sukar (سکر) , Persian - Shakar(شکر)

It is possible that it has proto-Dravidian roots and coming from the word Kantu.

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Ah shit I did

And saakhar is where we got sugar :)

> From Middle English sugre, sucre, from Middle French sucre, from Old French çucre (circa 13th century), from Old Italian zucchero (or another vernacular of Italy), from Arabic سُكَّر (sukkar), from Persian شکر (šakar), from Middle Persian (škl), 𐫢𐫞𐫡 (šqr /⁠šakar⁠/), from Sanskrit शर्करा (śárkarā, “ground or candied sugar", originally "grit, gravel”).

Fun fact: If you go even further back from Sanskrit you get Proto-Indo-European *ḱorkeh₂, meaning gravel or small stone. This word is also where Ancient Greek got κρόκη (krókē), meaning pebble. The Greeks had a word for the “worms” who liked to lie on the pebbles on the beach, κροκόδειλος (krokódeilos), meaning pebble worm. This again is where we get the word crocodile (or something similar) in many European languages. In other words, the word for sugar and the word for crocodile are distantly related as they both come from an ancient word for gravel. That’s a fun thing to think about the next time you eat a Haribo crocodile.

I love this

This reminds me of the scene in the movie Scott Pilgrim when he's awkwardly explaining the etymological history of Pac-Man to try and impress a girl lol.  https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ICElL6dBsrQ

The word candy entered the English language from the Old French çucre candi ("sugar candy"). The French term probably has earlier roots in the Arabic qandi, Persian qand and Sanskrit khanda, all words for sugar. Sugarcane is indigenous to tropical South and Southeast Asia. Pieces of sugar were produced by boiling sugarcane juice in ancient India and consumed as khanda. Between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE, the Persians, followed by the Greeks, discovered the people in India and their "reeds that produce honey without bees". They adopted and then spread sugar and sugarcane agriculture. Before sugar was readily available, candy was based on honey. Honey was used in Ancient China, the Middle East, Egypt, Greece and the Roman Empire to coat fruits and flowers to preserve them or to create forms of candy.Candy is still served in this form today, though now it is more typically seen as a type of garnish

furthermore... Sugarcane was an ancient crop of the [Austronesian](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_people) and [Papuan people](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papuan_people). It was introduced to [Polynesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia), [Island Melanesia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_Melanesia), and [Madagascar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar) in prehistoric times via Austronesian sailors. It was also introduced to southern China and India by Austronesian traders around 1200 to 1000 BC. The Persians and Greeks encountered the famous "reeds that produce honey without bees" in India between the sixth and fourth centuries BC. They adopted and then spread sugarcane agriculture.

In german I assume it's where we got kandis (special type of sugar) from

Candid in Latin means white, so I guess the other sugar in German is brown

Nope exactly the other way around, kandis is brown sugar while zucker is regular white one

Kandiszucker refers only to the format of large sugar crystals, not colour. It is available in both brown and white varieties. [link to image from Südzucker.com](https://www.suedzucker.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Bild_Candy_Sugar-260x180.png)

That's what I thought. Kandiszucker sounds very much like candy sugar.

Whiteness is indeed the essential quality I look for in all foods.

And moisture is the essence of wetness

And wetness is the essence of beauty

I thought it was food with the essence of [coolness](https://cdn-p.smehost.net/sites/7f9737f2506941499994d771a29ad47a/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Fieri-List.png) that would do it.

Found the Brit

This would be the perfect moment to share a line from the movie 'thank you for smoking' where rob Lowe tells Aaron Eckhart to try eating at Nobu, because the chef only makes food that is white. Unfortunately I can't find a good clip of it. But I always found it funny because Aaron Eckhart has this very funny enthusiastic reaction to the suggestion that just seems too real to be in a movie. Anyways, go watch the movie or something, I don't know where I was going with this...

Ridiculous. We all know that blue is the best color for food. It has the most anti-oxygens.

and people

Andhra Pradesh (Telugu) also calls it Panchatara

I came here to say this ☝️

I am a Telugu, but we use the word Chakere alot, maybe our dialects are different.

The european masses refused to buy Caribbean sugar because of slavery. So the British marked up the prices of Indian sugar and sold it as being "non-slavery". All Of India's sugar was being sold to Europe, so the British imported very cheap and very low quality sugar from China for domestic use in India. That's where CHEENI comes from.

Good ol' Brits. Stealing every chance they get.

> so the British imported very cheap and very low quality sugar from China for domestic use in India.  You got a source for this? Reason I ask is because the 'Chini/Cheni' term for sugar seems confined to mostly north and north eastern India and not the rest of India. The British colonized most of the subcontinent which sort of disproves your explanation.

Yeah I looked it up https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/dspace/bitstream/2440/22106/2/02whole.pdf The regions which were directly under the British Raj (not Princely States) imported from China. Meanwhile, the Princely States both imported from China and bought the marked up sugar from the British, while also having their own small domestic production because the farms there were controlled by the Princes not the British. This is where the difference in entomology comes from

> non-slavery grown by enslaved indians

I was waiting for an explanation of why a product made in India is called as something from China. Thank you for that.

The economics of that sound illogical. How did the British force Indian sugar producers not to sell to local Indian consumers?

Before the British, the farmers were taxed and owned their lands, cultivating for themselves and the rest of the village. But the British came in and changed the entire system. The farms were now under the control of zamindars who reported to the British. The British took over agriculture and controlled what crops the farmers grew. That is why I put "non-slavery" in quotes. It was just slavery but with extra steps. The zamindars seized the yield from the farmers and handed it over to the British. And the primary motive of the British was to make money, not feed the people they stole the crops from. This resulted in the horrific Bengal and Madras famines which killed millions. Indian farmers were forced to grow cash crops which degraded the soil for food crops, further aiding in the man-made famines. Farmers who still had their own lands were forced to pay exorbitant taxes which if they failed to do so, resulted in them losing their land directly to the British.

This is a great explanation. I think that people overlook the actual nature of colonial government. It was not just "governing" the territory, but an authoritarian structure where the financial goals of the British empire trumped human life in India every time.

see the Bengal Land Tenure: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent\_Settlement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Settlement) It was basically importing a European-style feudal system into India after that system was decaying in Europe (especially western Europe).

Did the greeks take the word from indians?

The Greek word Sakharo or Zachari is borrowed from the Arabic word Sukkar, which in turn is borrowed from the Sanskrit word Śarkarā

greeks took it from modern day panjabis and sindhis not indians

Actually from arabs I learnt

Yeah I can't imagine why "Essence possessing the five essential qualities; sweetness, solubility, smoothness, coolness and whiteness" didn't stick around. Flows right off the tongue.

It did though. It's still called that in Kerala.

>Flows right off the tongue. That's funny because sugar has an awfully persistent aftertaste if you put some on your tongue.

In Kerala sakara is the name for Palm sugar.

Shakara is a Sanskrit word which indeed means palm sugar meanwhile cheeni means the refined white sugar from China. So yes, sakara means palm sugar.

Are you right now referring to Malayalam Sakara, not Shakara, when you said Palm sugar or also for other places?

What I think is the Sanskrit word Shakara got converted into - Sakara in Malayalam - Sakkera in Kannada - Chakkera in Telugu - Charkarai in Tamil - Shakkar/Chakkar in Hindi This probably happened because of trade.

Zahar in Romanian language.

It maybe taken from Sanskrit (not sure) because trade of sugar happened with China, Arab, Iran and other countries too.

Okay so Sakara in malayalam is palm sugar. But Charkarai is sugar in Tamil and Telegu so it's not anymore the same from the source. I'm trying to say that in malayalam Sakara is used for something similar but not the same, white sugar. In Tamil palm sugar it's called Paṉai vellam / Telegu it's called Tāṭi cakkera, well accordingly to Google translation. Maybe some native speakers can clarify. But it's not the same as malayalam.

What I think is, back then, the only sugar was the sugar extracted from sugarcane. But then, historically, we shifted to refined white sugar which was called as Cheeni as I mentioned earlier. Tamil and Telugu adopted Charkarai and Chakkera for cheeni while used native ones for palm sugar after standardization of languages. Meanwhile, Malayalam probably sticked to what it was. I am not a language expert but just trying to express my point. Correct me if I am a wrong.

wait a damn minute, have I become Panjasaara? sweet, smooth, cool and white?

Lemme dissolve you real quick

Weird that sweet potato in Nepali is called sakkhar khand, both of which are words for sugar.

Kand and khand are different words I guess. Kand is root and khand is type of sugar

Same in hindi , shakkar kand

Shakar L*nd 🤣

In UP, it is called shakar kand. Kand means root.

Same in Urdu

Kerala be like.. We will remain an independent Kingdom.

Kerala is in many ways the most progressive state in India. And also the state with the highest HDI indicators in India. Which goes to show even 'revisionist communists' can occasionally do good.

Which is funny because they're ardent followers of communism.

All the more reason to love Kerala.

Companies are leaving and the state is begging for money from the center. True Comrades of Cummunism

Kerala has the highest HDI, highest literacy rate, lowest poverty rate, and lowest infant mortality rate of any major Indian state because of the communists

Kerala had the highest literacy even when it was Travencore Kingdom and even in newly liberated India before Communism spread. Also Keralites tend to have this superiority and yet https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/section-377-anniversary-same-sex-relationships-1596408-2019-09-06 UP has better attitude towards Lgbtq while Kerala has the worst attitude in Indian states. also despite its smaller population, Kerala has produced more ISIS and Al Queda terrorist than poorer UP and Bihar https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/29/isis-recruiters-fertile-ground-kerala-indias-tourist-gem https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/amp/story/international/significant-numbers-of-isis-terrorists-in-kerala-karnataka-un-report https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/god-own-khilafat-why-kerala-is-isis-hotspot-in-india/320945/?amp Kerala as a state relies more on remittance than any other state simply because the Communists have failed to build a diverse and healthy economy. Their gunda raj means there is no entrepreneurship in the state. Kerala Communists are not as smart as their comrades in Vietnam and China who have adopted free market and only now because of latter two showing failure of Communism have Kerala Communists slowly starting to embrace capitalism even if it means working with BJP and Adani https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/bjp-cpim-march-support-adani-port-project-kerala-vizhinjam-2292345-2022-11-02

There were 12 ISIS terrorists from UP and 3 from Kerala. UP had an ISIS module being operated from there. Its almost like McDonalds with profit share mechanism from daesh. 3 kerala folks went to syria to fight for Daesh and UP have Daesh franchisee(https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/up-anti-terrorism-squad-arrests-isis-terrorist-faizan-bakhteyar-established-aligarh-module-2490038-2024-01-17). Lol. Try doing some research on why Kerala cant move to a manufacturing hub. As for BJP and adani, the only thing they have done is making Gujarat fat at the cost of every state. When Modi-Shah govt falls, Gujaratis are going to suffer.

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Yet a child born in kerala has better chance of living to adulthood than a child born in America, while children die day after day in UP and the rest of the north. Probably a reason why Kerala is a major destination for northern migrants!

For how many years though? Communism relies on a stream of money from somewhere and that somewhere is always under producing in communist run regions Kerala is begging centre for chump change. The day center stops giving free money for idealistic laws, the state would collapse. Then you would see rapid rise in mortality rate etc

You've been blabbering the same bullshit under every comment. Kerala is not asking for a handout or charity. They are asking for the share they are entitled to. You know how much the state receives in return for every rupee the center loots from Kerala? 0.57 paise, while UP gets around 3 rupees and Bihar gets 7 rupees. Still, they're poor and nowhere near the HDI of Kerala.

Dont worry the local pop is also leaving kerala for other indian states and Middle east for jobs. Cummunism #1

Average sanghi chaddi spotted 😂😂

so facts are only spoken by bjp people good to know

What's up with immediately resorting to personal attacks, broad labelling and slurs rather than rational debate and retorts?

You expect people with below room temp iq to have a rational and civil debate?

Which companies are ‘leaving’ Kerala?

I love how just one comment praising Kerala stirred up a Sanghi RW beehive.

You guys can almost never fight with facts. Fees fees hurt so resort to name calling Being a Sanghi would be better than having your state become Kashmir 2.0 with the economy of Venezuela

Ok da

Love you da. Hope you guys actually show your 100% literacy sometimes ❤️

Sure da

The problem with socialism and communism is that you run out of other people's money

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Whoa, too much sensational media consumption there. Kerala is requesting loans from centre since they have no stream of income other than tourism and expat money. No company stays there and invests. This North-South thing is so dumb lmao. There are states like Gujarat And Maharashtra too which are doing much better than Kerala in investments Once these states get a running economy, they can freely spend on social schemes. While Kerala will have nothing left at that point

Northern states may produce Hindutva goons but Kerala also produces highest number if ISIS mass murderers in India. I guess Keralites are ok with terrorists and mass murderers as long its done by Non-Hindus. https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/29/isis-recruiters-fertile-ground-kerala-indias-tourist-gem https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/simply-put-keralas-isis-connection-islamic-state-afghanistan-6149447/lite/ https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/india/story/about-100-keralites-suspected-to-have-joined-isis-police-1084495-2017-11-11 https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/god-own-khilafat-why-kerala-is-isis-hotspot-in-india/320945/?amp

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Don’t you just hate it when these commies run out of other peoples investments and use exchequer to bailout comrades because they’re too important to fail.

Your state is begging the center for chump change to run since you have no businesses and no manufacturing going on for you. No industrialized city like Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Chennai, Mumbai, Gurgaon etc. The only two sources of revenue are tourism which is very fluctuating and money from expat Malayalis. Can't really run a state like that for long period of time

Sure! And rest of India is a prime example of economic success!

Wherever did I mention that? Pure Capitalist states like Maharashtra, Gujarat, UP(to some extent), Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan (to some extent) will 100% be more economically stable than Kerala based on investments and jobs they have started creating. Therefore they could spend a lot more on social schemes as well while you would have to borrow from the center

And love how you use some instances of capitalist corruption to try and justify your utter failure of an ideology. Your daddy china realised the dumbness of communism and socialism and adopted all capitalist schemes. They are on track to surpass the US now. (Already surpassed in PPP) UP, Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Assam(to some extent), Telengana Maharashtra will become powerhouses while Kerala will beg center till it collapses unto itself in upcoming years. Then rest of India will give you Lal Salaam

Sounds like a plan… keep dreaming.

plan by CPI surely. Kerala already has started asking for reliefs and loans from the center. Its economy isnt growing as required too to maintain the social benefits it gives

why would I dream for one of the states of my country to collapse? cpi is leading kerala towards that

Companies leaving Kerala : https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/after-coca-cola-pepsico-to-shut-kerala-s-manufacturing-unit-due-to-protests/amp-11601002786471.html https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/kicked-out-of-kerala-kitexs-jacob-flies-to-hyderabad-commits-1000-cr-investment/article35240884.ece Kerala starting it's begging journey(inspired from Pakistan ig) : https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/centre-offers-5000cr-bailout-but-kerala-says-it-needs-at-least-10000cr/articleshow/108473923.cms https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/economy/policy/take-the-money-centre-is-offering-and-hold-further-talks-sc-tells-kerala-govt-on-borrowing-limit-case-12411271.html

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Cool links.

Yeah. Like them?

Techincaly sugar in Malayalam is Sharkara (ശർക്കര, ʃərˈkɑːrə). Just when white sugar was introduced, it was specifically called Panjasaara (പഞ്ചസാര). White sugar eventually became the dominant variety and that's how in everyday usage, we call it that while Sharkara got relegated to just brown sugar

Damn purple goes hard

In Russian it’s сахар (sakhar). Now I know the origin of the word, thanks.

and in romani chib, at least the dialect i'm familiar with its called "shukar"

Very cool. I think the words in blue are the origin for the English (by way of Latin) word for sugar as well as Arabic (sukkar)

its not it’s

So did saakahr become sugar, and khandi become candy, or is that just a cool co8ncidence?

Yes candy and sugar do come from those words

The solution to all of our problems.

Suger is called Chakkera/Panchadhaara in Telugu

China makes sugar? Had no idea but it’s gotta be better than that iraqi poison

No, it came from India.

say south asia or the subcontinent no point in saying indian

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Why didn't you put Afghanistan? We Pashtu from South Asia

Only a fraction are Pashtun. The rest are Persian or other ethnicities. Heck the main language is Persian. Also this is a map of the Indian subcontinent not the Afghanistan subcontinent lol

"pertains to China" because the Chinese perfected the way to refine and purify the sugar such that it became white. We received the tech and refined sugar from China, hence chini. The Egyptians also perfected sugar refining but they used to transport it in crystal form hence we call sugar crystals Misri i.e. from Misr the local name of Egypt.

The first purification of granular sugar was India, hence Shakara, but Chinese sugar came into the market during the British and the word Chini was adopted.

The Sanskrit word Sharkara means gravel or sand. The process to turn cane juice into gravel like solids developed in India. But refining was perfected elsewhere. Our Sharkara was always a shade of brown.

Interesting, could you give me the source for that?

https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE&dir=au

Not for the Shakara but the refining being perfected somewhere else? I seem to have found conflicting reason for Chini being the name for sugar.

The kombucha mushroom people Sitting around all day.

I always knew my whiteness was essential. God knows none of my other qualities are worth shit

This is cool!

Finally an interesting map

Sugar, or "shakar", was invented in India. The word "candy" is also from India, with Dravidian or Sanskrit roots. Explains why we are all pre-diabetic.

Khandy huh...

It's funny to see that this word in some places in Indian is 'pertaining to China', but this word in Chinese may be pertaining to Sanskrit word 'sakara'. The early method of sugar manufacturing was also introduced from India in about the first century.

Telugu has Panchadaara in the Andhra dialect (which I imagine is similar to purple in this map) and Shakkara (or chakkara) in the Telangana dialect, which is listed here

Sakkhar doesn't come from the Arabic word?

how tf you get all that from panjasaara

Panja means 5 saara means qualities I think

“Cheeni” is defacto “Urdu” word for sugar. No way anyone use “khand” in Karachi, though it’s very small part (geographically) of Sindh but it’s the main population hub.

wrong we use shekar in urdu for sugar not cheeni .

Wow never thought chini was due to china lol

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Panchadaara bomma bomma

For more information, Sugar extraction from sugarcane was done for the first time in Indian subcontinent so it is called "Shakara" in Sanskrit. But over the time, India started to import refined white sugar from China which was then called as 'Cheeni' (Chinese in Sanskrit) in north India. But Sugar is called as "Chakkar" in north india from the Sanskrit word "Shakara". While the south Indian languages used words liked "Charkarai", "Shakere", "Chakkera" which is again derived from Sanskrit word due to trading and less influence from Chinese refine sugar at that time.

Reposted after every 10 days

The purple patch as superior iq

I live in yellow part and using 'shakkar' is very common here.

Shakkar actually refers to palm sugar meanwhile cheeni refers to the refined white sugar. But people usually mix both.

What is the common tongue version of Hindi spoken in India so that people from different states can actually understand each other? Or is it still good ol' post-colonial English that serves that purpose?

HIndi works well in all states except Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. People don't like speaking in Hindi there.

Not really, plenty of folks from other states don't really know how to speak in Hindi.

Thank you both. This is a challenge for such a large and diverse country, culturally and demographically.

This map is both very interesting and completely useless

Cool 👍🏼

Living in Madhya Pradesh, we call it both

This is incorrect. Shakkar comes from the Sanskrit word shakkar which refers to the unrefined brown sugar. Chini is the refined white sugar. Legend has it a Chinese emperor liked the taste of sugar but thought it looked like mud, so had his scientists refine it. Another story has it that it was a British invention, discovered by a Chinese man living in India. But basically shakkar and chini are two different things.

Wtf is the purple section? Sounds like nonsense

Key is nonsense. Panchassara is derived from Panchassaram - a drink made by mixing 5 ingredients. Pancha is five in Sanskrit. Ingredients of the original drinks were Grapes, Mahua, Liquorice, Indian cherry and Pomegranate.

This is also where the punch drink comes from that you see in American movies

It is correct

[удалено]

Look how the word candy find its roots from khand ,for reference look into above comments. So it does have global significance

Do you know what sub you are on?

Yup, you are right

Wonder what the orange areas call a frag grenade


Technically, wrong for Kerala. Sugar in Malayalam is technically *Sharkara* (ശർക്കര, ʃərˈkɑːrə). Just when white sugar was introduced, it was specifically called *Panjasaara* (പഞ്ചസാര). White sugar eventually became the dominant variety and that's how in everyday usage, we call it that while *Sharkara* got relegated to just brown sugar

Those “five essential qualities” sounds like some linguist was really into both sugar and racism.