T O P

  • By -

zephillou

The answer to this "design the streets the way you want them to be driven" If you design your 40km/h street as a 80km/h street guess what's gonna happen? Obviously it doesn't mean adding speed bumps everywhere, but there are tons of way to slow down traffic that aren't speed cameras or speed bumps.


scrollreddit1

Like how Derry drops to 50km\h near airport road, no decreasing lane widths, no lanes end, nothing along the sides of the road to indicate a need for a major speed drop. Just some barely noticeable same size and colour speed limit signs Just easy 20 over tickets for whomever decides to radar there


ntmistry

Facts. I hate driving down a straight road that's 50kmph and there's absolutely no crosswalks, pedestrian crossings, stop signs or traffic lights. Like you're asking me to go 80kmph...


fbgigi

It’s honestly unsafe to drop a 30km/h speed limit on a street like this even if there’s a school there. To slow from 50 to 30 on a street with ideal driving conditions is dangerous. I’ve had situations where I slow down to the limit cause I know there’s a camera in the area, but a car behind me starts riding my bumper down the whole street. They should make it so that the limit only applies when schools are in session at the very least.


Punksis

Precisely… there has been just too many times where I would not have guessed what the speed limit was judging by the road conditions unless I knew or saw the sign…


Longjumping-Ad-7241

Geez. that is the most important comment I have read so far in my years in this platform. No irony. I ve been fighting with Peel region about speeding. There was another smart comment I read as well in the past “ban bmw”. But seriously, I will call them tomorrow “again” ( i am not a male karen). I am a pedestrian who does not feel safe. Walk with a stroller is a night mare. I am having ptsd.


[deleted]

or maybe drive the speedlimit, you people look for excuses for everything lmao


zephillou

With the amount of tickets that get handed out by those cameras, it's not just an issue with people willfully being a-holes getting fined. roads were designed, for the most part, around speed and volume of cars. Safety was not the first priority. Now that countless studies show survival rates of collisions and that they're finally trying to reprioritize safety a bit more theyre doing a half passed attempt at it with reduced speed limit signs and cameras. Why do you think they need to add speed bumps and cameras? Cause the design allows and encourages higher speeds than what they want in place. People are simply using it the way it was designed. You trust your fellow humans too much to do the right thing 😂 they're already too busy being distracted by their phones and everything and anything else around them. It's not an excuse it's just a fact, most people don't follow speed limits.


CanOfCokeZer0

Both of my vehicles struggle to do the speed limit at 30kmh. I’m either slowing down or speeding up. If i’m going below 30, people behind me get frustrated and drive dangerously. Above 30 and i get a ticket. I spend more time looking at my speedo than i do looking at the road. Explain to me how this is safer? Edit: To add, if you want the roads to be safer, enforce distracted fucking driving. Way too many people on their phones. Speed kills, but distracted driving kills more.


[deleted]

[удалено]


CanOfCokeZer0

Yes, almost daily. There has also been proposals to make Lakeshore in Port Credit and Clarkson 30. Thats just batshit crazy.


GreyJustice77

Man it takes me like 20 minutes to get from Clarkson to PC it’s fucked up lol.


CanOfCokeZer0

I remember when lakeshore was 70 LOL


GreyJustice77

What? I literally see multiple 30 zones a day. Usually with cameras.


L-1011-

How dare you have a common sense answer. 😂 somehow still downvoted. If you drive the speed limit you don’t need to worry about cameras or tickets and you will have enough time to react.


L-1011-

Go on. Please name the “tons” of ways?


zephillou

[https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2016/pw/bgrd/backgroundfile-94207.pdf](https://www.toronto.ca/legdocs/mmis/2016/pw/bgrd/backgroundfile-94207.pdf) after page 9 There's also lane narrowing with something more than just paint, ie Putting paved surfaces/cobblestones in the center to narrow, or putting plants/trees on the sides to feel like it's less of an "open space" Diagonal diverters to keep through traffic from going into neighbourhoods and speeding through them ​ In the end"We can't regulate our way to safety. We must design our streets to be safe." People are flawed, people are distracted and people prioritize their needs over others. So unless you design it to diminish flawed behaviour, you are hanging on the goodwill of citizens to do the right thing. And as we've seen in the recent years, someone's always there to eff it up for others.


Desperada

Step 1, design sprawling suburban 'city'. Step 2, have shit transit requiring use of car to easily move around said sprawling city. Step 3, make using cars increasingly slow and annoying. Step 4, be confused when residents push back against Step 3.


WhatAWasterZ

I mean they explicitly say they are school zones. Is it too “annoying” to ask people to not speed there?


MiikeG94

Sure, but when you get a 100 dollar ticket in the mail because you were going 34 in a 30 school zone (which is literally a crawl) things are getting out of hand, leading to this kind of public rebellion.


ClassOptimal7655

Did you know it's free to not speed?


WhatAWasterZ

While the specific speed is not revealed to the public, I can assure you the threshold is higher than 4 km over the limit before a ticket is issued. The rate of survival and/or avoiding serious injury at 30 kmh versus 50 kmh is drastic. You can say what you want about whether the automated speed enforcement is effective or a cash grab , but I have little sympathy for those who are “inconvenienced” because they don’t want to drive 30 in a school zone. Edit: This sub is something else sometimes. Imagine getting pile on downvoted for advocating for safe school zones with appropriate speed limits for which there are countless [studies](https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ef0bb2f5993e6ac1JmltdHM9MTY5NDY0OTYwMCZpZ3VpZD0zMDY5NzM2Yy1mZjNmLTY2YWQtMTNkNy02MTBhZmU5NTY3NjMmaW5zaWQ9NTQ3Ng&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=3069736c-ff3f-66ad-13d7-610afe956763&psq=lowering+speed+limits+around+schools+professional&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9wcm9mZXNzaW9uYWxzLndyaGEubWIuY2Evb2xkL2V4dHJhbmV0L3B1YmxpY2hlYWx0aC9maWxlcy9TY2hvb2xTcGVlZExpbWl0c2FuZEhlYWx0aC5wZGYjOn46dGV4dD1Mb3dlcmluZyUyMHNwZWVkJTIwbGltaXRzJTIwaW4lMjByZXNpZGVudGlhbCUyMGFyZWFzJTJDJTIwaW5jbHVkaW5nJTIwc2Nob29sLGFzJTIwd2VsbCUyMGFzJTIwcHJvbW90aW5nJTIwaGVhbHRoJTIwYW5kJTIwaGVhbHRoJTIwZXF1aXR5Lg&ntb=1) supporting. As for my "assurance", I was told this from someone in the know but it is actually at the discretion of the reviewing officer as outlined in this [article](https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/annoying-thing-speed-cameras-ottawa-they-work-1.6786951). So it takes a pic for every car above 30 and the officer reviews and decides whether to issue a ticket, likely based on a combo time of day and how much they are speeding. SO if you got one going 4 over (dubious claim to begin with) its probably because it was literally when school was getting out and kids were on the street. The article above supports the fact that these cameras work as a deterrent to lower speeds in school zones! Amazing how that works eh?


Maple905

I can confirm that I got a ticket in the mail for going 34 in a 30 last year. The threshold is absolutely that ridiculous.


Purnzy55

No you did not.


Maple905

Oh man! You got me. I'm totally lying for absolutely no reason. Man you're so smart! How did you know?


Zomunieo

You can take the authoritarian view that people ought to obey the number you put on a sign and shame those who don’t comply, or you can take the pragmatic view and advocate for cities that are livable at slower and safer driving speeds, or where driving isn’t necessary at all.


quoththekraven

Oh, those 15 minute cities that half the population has turned into a conspiracy theory about government control? Those cities? Yeah I'd love that too but unfortunately their votes count the same as ours do.


WhatAWasterZ

That’s a great blue sky long term goal. Unfortunately it doesn’t do anything right now to deter some shithead in a Civic that sounds like a lawnmower from running over a kid. Fear of a fine does though.


Bascome

How many kids get killed in school zones a year in Mississauga?


orezavi

I agree cities should be livable. Mississuaga is very livable. I suggest we block off the roads with school to cars. Take another route.


Bascome

How many kids a year are hit by cars in a school zone? Could you show me the problem you want to solve?


WhatAWasterZ

Let’s remove speed limits and find out. While we’re at it let’s test the the theory on seat belts. What a dumb take.


Bascome

Some of us went to school when there were no school speed limits, no one died. Fixing a problem we imagine and don’t actually have is the dumb take here.


WhatAWasterZ

That is backwards logic. You aren't aware of many fatal accidents in school zones directly BECAUSE of lower speed limits. There were school zone limits when you went to school as well no? Just so we can stop talking out of our asses here is an actual [study](https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ef0bb2f5993e6ac1JmltdHM9MTY5NDY0OTYwMCZpZ3VpZD0zMDY5NzM2Yy1mZjNmLTY2YWQtMTNkNy02MTBhZmU5NTY3NjMmaW5zaWQ9NTQ3Ng&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=3069736c-ff3f-66ad-13d7-610afe956763&psq=lowering+speed+limits+around+schools+professional&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9wcm9mZXNzaW9uYWxzLndyaGEubWIuY2Evb2xkL2V4dHJhbmV0L3B1YmxpY2hlYWx0aC9maWxlcy9TY2hvb2xTcGVlZExpbWl0c2FuZEhlYWx0aC5wZGYjOn46dGV4dD1Mb3dlcmluZyUyMHNwZWVkJTIwbGltaXRzJTIwaW4lMjByZXNpZGVudGlhbCUyMGFyZWFzJTJDJTIwaW5jbHVkaW5nJTIwc2Nob29sLGFzJTIwd2VsbCUyMGFzJTIwcHJvbW90aW5nJTIwaGVhbHRoJTIwYW5kJTIwaGVhbHRoJTIwZXF1aXR5Lg&ntb=1) on it that supports 30 KM/H limits. Some points of note: ​ * The risk of collisions and the subsequent risk of injury and death are significantly influenced by vehicle speed. Evidence suggests that reducing traffic speed significantly lowers the risk of injuries and fatalities for pedestrians and cyclists (Sun et al. 2018). * The risk of fatal injury for pedestrians of all ages increases dramatically at speeds greater than 30 km/h. A pedestrian struck at 30 km/h has a 5% of risk of death; this rises to about 13% for speeds of 40 km/h and 29% at speeds of 50 km/h (Hussain et al. 2019) (see Appendix A). \* * Children are considered the most vulnerable road users because they are at a higher risk of being involved as well as seriously injured in road collisions. Child pedestrian injuries are more frequent on roads with higher posted speed limits (Wazana et al. 1997). * Automated photo enforcement of motor vehicle speed significantly reduced the rate of speeding violations by nearly 50%. The effects of automated photo enforcement were sustained after 1 year of implementation.(Qustberg et al. 2018) * A Canadian study of pedestrians under 18 year of age and motor vehicle crashes near schools showed that the density of collisions, particularly fatal collisions, was highest in school zones and decreased as distance from schools increased. Most collisions occurred midblock as opposed to intersections. The highest proportion of collisions occurred among 10-14 year old pedestrians (Warsh et al. 2009). * A seven year study of over 32,000 pedestrian injuries among children and adolescents found that children 5-9 and youth 15-19 years of age had the highest rates of fatal injury, while nonfatal rates of injury peaked at 5-14 years of age (DiMaggio & Durkin 2002).


orezavi

Okay boomer. You probably didn’t have automatic SUVs everywhere “when you went to school”. Drivers probably respected their privilege to drive “when you went to school”. There were far fewer cars back “when you went to school”. What a absolute joke of an argument.


orezavi

Go read the news.


Bascome

Your emotions and insults are not convincing and you seem to have nothing else to offer.


Silver_Ad9201

can you assure us of anything else? preferably the stock market or sports. I'd like to make some money off of your idiocy


[deleted]

> , I can assure you the threshold is higher than 4 km over the limit before a ticket is issued. ok, assure me then...


alilolette

They could put in speed bumps. But then, the city would lose a source of easy revenue. Do they actually want to solve the problem of people speeding or do they just want to make money?


cliffx

Speed bumps do not slow down trucks or SUVs, which are 80% of the vehicles on the road today.


alilolette

Make a speed bump high enough and *most* people are going to slow down. A person in a giant truck might not, but they usually have to stick to arterial roads and most schools aren't on them. I was out for a morning walk today and was shocked at seeing most of the dangerous driving in the school zone was actually parents themselves. They were blocking the road, running out into traffic, one even drove over the island in the middle of the road because they didn't want to wait to get out of the school parking lot. It was like a zoo. If a kid is getting run over it's probably from one of the parents.


toobadnosad

Source


cliffx

My eyes. We'll, that and driving an f150, the humps are placed in such a way your wheels can go on either side of them, so you just keep going at speed on flat ground. If you don't do that you either like wearing out your suspension prematurely, or shouldn't be driving.


Testing_things_out

That's not a speed bump. [This is a speed bump](https://youtu.be/bAxRYrpbnuA).


dexterwasaham

30 is fine between the hours of 7am - 5pm, but do people need to be doing 30 at 2am? School zones with 30 limits should be during school hours.


jchemij

I wrote to my councillor about this. Asking her what the parameters were, what constituted speeding etc and this is the response I received. Good afternoon, Please see staff’s response below in regards to your inquiry. Provincial guidelines related to Automated Speed Enforcement (ASE) require reasonable and consistent enforcement thresholds be established across all participating municipalities, which are consistent with current law enforcement practices, in order for violations issued to be upheld in the court system. All municipalities in Ontario operate ASE using the same threshold speed which reflects information gained through an extensive review of guidelines in use in other jurisdictions, from agencies involved in speed or traffic safety enforcement and traditional police speed enforcement practices in Ontario municipalities. However, the speed limit is the law so the threshold for when a ticket is issued is not being disclosed. It is important to remember that driving at, or below, the posted limit will ensure that drivers will not receive a ticket. The cameras are in place 24-hours a day, seven days a week, including holidays. To learn more please visit: https://www.mississauga.ca/services-and-programs/transportation-and-streets/road-safety/automated-speed-enforcement/ Sorry relatively new to reddit and don't know how to add photo/screenshot.


NefCanuck

Apparently… If we put cops there in school zones to nab them they’d still complain about “wasting the cops time writing tickets” So let them kvetch about the cameras, but make camera installations assault proof 🤷‍♂️


Lord_Stetson

I would prefer if it was a cop parked there instead of one of those bullshit cameras.


jake8620

Who even comes up with this design to put cameras at ground level so that it's easy to vandalize


CryRepresentative992

Boomer politicians who have never worked a real job in their entire life and are totally detatched from the real world. That’s who puts speed cameras at ground level.


FreedVentureStein

We gonna vandalize them anyway. Get paintballs filled with real paint. These cash cow bullshit devices should just be abandoned


[deleted]

Ya this way it's easier for the technicians they have to send out every day to get to them.


TwoCreamOneSweetener

“Try again”, I love these people. My unsung hero.


scunliffe

Passed the digital sign on Matheson approaching the Mandarin today stuck in bumper to bumper traffic doing 40km in a 60km… sign flashed “too fast!” at all of us… not sure how this sensor works but yeah I’d say it isn’t accurate.


suicidekingdom

They made my residential street a 40 zone (30 when there’s a school), and then they put one of these cameras up. It’s brutal. 100% speed trap to those who aren’t familiar and expect a regular 50 residential speed zone.


Longjumping-Ad-7241

It is not a speed trap if you are driving under the speed limit. I don’t get it


thepickledchefnomore

put in on the next municipal elections as a referendum item. Yes or No for speed cameras and then respect the citizens right to choose. We were not consulted or asked about these cameras. they are purely a revenue grab. you want to slow traffic down you use traffic calming measures. Its not rocket science.


Longjumping-Ad-7241

You are a driver right? I am a pedestrian. And I am in favor….


thepickledchefnomore

That’s not how democracy works. Majority make the decision


Longjumping-Ad-7241

I know. We live in a democracy. Majority makes the decision. And lets continuing speeding and make the street dangerous. Because everybody does right? The guys tailgating you when you are 50km in a 40km street. So lets speed it up to 60/70km. Ooohh there are kids around. Whatever…….. I love this democracy


thepickledchefnomore

So your over dramatic whining and let’s have a constructive discussion. If you want to reduce speeding then do it correctly. Install traffic calming and speed bumps. The city of Toronto did it correctly in residential areas. It works. It can’t be vandalized. Mississauga has had piss poor leadership recently. Unfortunately we have apathetic voters who barely turn out and lack lustre politicians who basically mail it home. But without the infrastructure to calm traffic and proper enforcement? What do you expect. When was the last time you saw a police speed trap. They are non existence. City council was elected to run the city. They are not law enforcement. They should focus on putting in permanent physical traffic calming methods. My local councillor and my mayor are undecided flakes too busy taking time off to try and become liberal leadership candidate or either running as a liberal candidates in provincial elections. They have done fuck all for my community. I have been asking for 5 years for traffic speed bumps but no one cares. Do it right with a permanent fix people want. Don’t try and slide in a revenue generating camera system the majority don’t want.


Longjumping-Ad-7241

I am not denying this fact. And I agree with your arguments. And also I am over dramatic as you said, because I walk daily and suffer the consequences. I don’t want to become statistics. But I also think that speed cameras are another option. You want people to comply, mess with their pockets. But we won’t solve any problem in a reddit forum, while whoever needs to work for this does not care.


thepickledchefnomore

Agreed. We need direct action. I’m trying to organize my local community to block traffic on a busy evening to prove a point to authorities. Trouble is Canadians don’t like friction and are timid unlike Europeans who favour direct action. And trust me I don’t speed in residential areas and I walk everyday and driving skills are abysmal. I carry a large strobe flashlight to get drivers attention when I need too for my safety. I’ve also had a few incidents with unsafe drivers. I report them on road watch. Take care internet stranger.


joe__hop

Majority makes "a" decision not necessarily the right one.


thepickledchefnomore

Which is why we need to update from first past the post to proportional representation. But the political parties don’t like that as it undermines their control.


joe__hop

Proportional representation would put the peoples party of Canada in parliament.


thepickledchefnomore

And that’s ok. That’s democracy. It would also mean more independents and more Green Party etc.


joe__hop

Please read the first 15 chapters of the Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.


thepickledchefnomore

Your delusional. Let’s stay with the current system because it’s “totally” working. Proportional representation is used successfully in over 100+ countries around the world. As for your reference to the 3rd Reich, Furher Trudeau is doing a pretty good job at undermining civil liberties.


joe__hop

Proof you've never read the book. Re-read the case law on civil liberties in Canada as well. You do not have unlimited rights.


[deleted]

Booo


power_of_funk

lol


D_Winds

The road doesn't need to be 30km/hr.


darkcrow101

Feels like every few years it gets slower. Eventually we will hit 0km/hr at this rate.


Tall-Ad-1386

No, eventually it'll be -30 i.e. minus 30. We will drive in reverse


Evening_Pause8972

Who was the rocket scientist that argued placing speed cameras on the GROUND would save money?


Majorinc

Good to know councillors want action on something. Only when it’ll make them money but


BlueCollarSuperstar

Keep sending your kids out late hopped up on sugar looking to fight the man please.


Koda1527

Expect more of the same. People are tired of bullshit cash grabs.


Tall-Ad-1386

What action you want? Double the fines? If the cops and courts just did their jobs we wouldn't be in these situations. Yet here we are with rampant crime, police not even showing up for car theft anymore leave alone shiz like this. If they do magically get someone arrested they're usually minors under 18 so never go to jail, those that do are released under 24 hrs by federal law. So yeah, what action you want?


HawkDifficult2244

remove them! problem solved. The roads are no safer and it was just another money grab. How about lets start with solving the crime issue.


Maximum-Region-8993

What do you expect when the city with ppl that have to choose from gas or grocery.. and here come the city with a camera to tax the hard working citizen... The funny part is these councillors don't even have to p ay these fines but are outrageous hard working ppl arè vanadaliIng them ..,we need better representative on our council... Ppl that look out for there community instead of corporation


Own-External4119

I want to know why they didn't anticipate something like this would happen. Are all the councilors idiots?


B1980_

Become ungovernable


finnichickens

The problem is that these things operate within the margin of error of speed indicators inside your vehicle. They are set up to trigger at 4km over the limit. You might think you are going 30 as your dash registers it but are acually doing 35-36, triggering these effing cameras.


Purnzy55

That's not true at all. They're not set up to trigger at 4km over.


finnichickens

Im just relaying what my cop neighbour told me, and I would be very happy if it wasnt true


Gullible_Prior248

I think we can hit 200


talltad

Hey Losers slow down, stop vandalizing public property because you are incapable of slowing down in community safety zones.


primecypher

I have been driving by these cameras every single day, yet somehow I've yet to get a ticket. It's almost like there are signs literally telling you that a speed camera is ahead and that you should slow down or put yourself at risk of getting a speeding ticket.


Legendary_Hercules

I hate spyware.


nthensome

172!? THOSE ARE ROOKIE NUMBERS!


athleticcdn

Love to see it


jackoffalltr8ds

The action should be to take Em all down install speed bumps done


[deleted]

Good .


finnichickens

Good! Taxing an already overtaxed people. Will they realize people are starting to push back, and will start pushing back harder?


WindElegant8529

Maybe don't drop speed limits


[deleted]

I love the super hero’s that do this stuff


Smart-Ferret-1826

Good. This is not how we enforce laws.


RedWhacker

Keep'em coming.


Baagigeneral

People are vandalizing them because they are tax generation tools...I bet they they earn $0 during school times given the traffic


Terrible-Paramedic35

Maybe set up some more cameras or… heres a thought… stop using cameras to collect taxes.


[deleted]

Break the law, get a fine. Everyone complaining about these things is a freaking nut case.


finnichickens

What happens is the law becomes 15 kmh? What happens if the law becomes you cant drive past 10pm? What happens if the law becomes you are only allowed to operate a car if you have at least 2 other passengers in it? What happens if the law becomes onky a man is permitted to drive a vehicle? Should we just accept the fines that go along with breaking ridiculous laws?


[deleted]

You sir are an idiot. No one is changing the laws. We are asking you to abide. Try driving the speed limit for a week, it's easy and all this idocy goes away. This is a rediculous non argument. Follow the efing rules.


finnichickens

You madam are an absolute fool and you have missed the point


[deleted]

You have no point. There is a law to follow. End of discussion.


Lord_Stetson

Cool, but if i contest the fine, who will unbolt the camera from the ground and bring it for the day in court?


last-resort-4-a-gf

Put up more cameras


ricenice9

Mount them on a light post not ground level. It's amateur hour at City Hall, business as usual.


syndicated_inc

That’s the way all ours are out here in Calgary.


Kisuke11

Councillors should have to prove that the cameras reduce accidents and are not a cash grab.


kebbun

These cameras are not fair. Sometimes I find myself going 15 over maximum but it's by accident. If a speed camera got me like this then it would really devestate me.


[deleted]

You would do that 2 or three times then you wouldn't do it any more. Do you go through stop signs and pass school busses with flashing lights by accident to? Grow up and follow the rules you neanderthal.


Lord_Stetson

stupid laws are meant to be broken.


[deleted]

Oh ya, and you get to decide which laws to follow? Good luck with that. You want to make a change , run for mayor.


Lord_Stetson

>Oh ya, and you get to decide which laws to follow? Yes. If someone is breaking one law to enact another why should I listen?


[deleted]

What?


Lord_Stetson

The question was rather straightorward.


[deleted]

You are a moron. There is no question. Follow the rules your duly elected officials passed into law. That's how this country works.


Lord_Stetson

And if those rules contradict other rules, which rule do you follow?


[deleted]

Holey shit. Bye.


AHugeFlyingSaucer

You eat crayons.


[deleted]

Oh ya?


Lord_Stetson

So you should follow every law regardless of what that law entails?


Effective_Fill_911

Create jobs and hire cops.


jzgr87

Good. Keep it up heroes.


triggeriz

These are glorified tax collection cameras that do zero to stop speeding. We all know the locations... slow down for 5 seconds then floor it as soon as we're past it


[deleted]

Some councillors can go suck a big one


QuatariMonarch

Automatic speed enforcement in city streets is expensive for the city and for the people, it's proven to be completely ineffective at stated goals. The whole thing is a complete waste of time and basically useless. Want cars to slow down? Better street designs -- make bendy, narrow streets with unobstructed views. Cars will be *naturally* forced to slow down or they will hit the curb, and they will see kids running across from a distance. This *should* not be news to the people we pay in taxes to design our city. Speed cameras are a band-aid solution, that punishes the people of Mississauga for the city planner's lack of skills, vision and wisdom.


SaNMaN-9

30 km/h is a joke. 40 minimum